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Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations

Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations,10.1126/science.1153057,Science,David E. Bloom,David Canning,Günther Fink

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Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations   (Citations: 9)
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The proportion of a country's population living in urban areas is highly correlated with its level of income. Urban areas offer economies of scale and richer market structures, and there is strong evidence that workers in urban areas are individually more productive, and earn more, than rural workers. However, rapid urbanization is also associated with crowding, environmental degradation, and other impediments to productivity. Overall, we find no evidence that the level of urbanization affects the rate of economic growth. Our findings weaken the rationale for either encouraging or discouraging urbanization as part of a strategy for economic growth.
Journal: Science , vol. 319, no. 5864, pp. 772-775, 2008
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    • ...2008), which is difficult to explain given Asia's more rapid productivity gains in agriculture and industry...

    David Canning. The causes and consequences of demographic transition

    • ...Urbanization changes land use, often in negative ways, and increases environmental degradation by diminishing biodiversity, lowering ecosystem productivity, deteriorating watershed discharge characteristics, and interrupting biogeochemical cycles (Ningala et al. 2008; Bloom et al. 2008; Hongming et al. 2008; Weijun et al. 2008)...

    Ahmet Karaburun, et al. Impacts of urban growth on forest cover in Istanbul (1987–2007)

    • ...In addition, increasing pressure on agricultural land resources due to rapid urbanization has caused great concern within the international community and China’s government [Heilig, 1997; Bloom et al., 2008; Grimm et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2008]...

    Mingliang Liu, et al. China's land cover and land use change from 1700 to 2005: Estimations ...

    • ...(Strictly speaking, urbanization refers to the increasing share of a country’s entire population residing in urban areas.) At the present time about half of the world’s population lives in urban areas (Bloom et al., 2008)...
    • ...Many see urban growth as coincident with positive trends in economic development, even as city growth brings some negative consequences for urban residents and for society at large (Bloom et al., 2008; World Bank, 2000a; Williamson, 1998; White, 1996)...
    • ...Nevertheless, many observers raise concern about managing urban growth and its environmental impact (Bloom et al., 2008; Montgomery, 1988)...
    • ...Yet, there is also a positive association between urbanization and urban economic development and overall economic growth (Bloom et al., 2008; Montgomery et al., 2003)...

    Michael J. White, et al. Urbanization and Environmental Quality: Insights from Ghana on sustain...

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