Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: Experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid

Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: Experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation (Citations: 3)


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Polyspecific bothropic/crotalic and bothropic/lachesic antivenoms were produced in Bolivia by immunizing two donkeys with the venoms of Bothrops mattogrossensis and Crotalus durissus terrificus and one llama with the venoms of B. mattogrossensis and Lachesis muta. These antivenoms are currently being used for snakebite envenomation in Bolivia. The rationale for using these animals is that donkeys and llamas are better adapted than horses to the high altitudes in South America and constitute good alternatives for antivenom production in these regions. Plasma was fractionated by caprylic acid precipitation of non-immunoglobulin plasma proteins, to obtain whole IgG preparations. Donkey-derived antivenom showed one band of 150kDa when analyzed by SDS–PAGE, whereas llama antivenom presented two immunoglobulin bands, of 170kDa and 120kDa, the latter corresponding to the heavy-chain antibodies present in camelid sera. The effectiveness of these antivenoms to neutralize lethal, hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edema-forming, and defibrinogenating activities of the venom of B. mattogrossensis from Bolivia, a species formerly known as Bothrops neuwiedii, was assessed at the experimental level. Although llama antivenom has a total protein concentration four times lower than donkey antivenom, both preparations have similar neutralizing capacity against all toxic activities assessed. Llama and donkey IgG-based antivenoms are effective in the neutralization of B. mattogrossensis venom and represent valuable alternatives for antivenom manufacture in highland regions of South America.

Journal: Toxicon , vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 642-645, 2010

DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.031

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Keywords (8)

Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: Experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid

References (15)

Neutralization of crotaline snake venoms from Central and South America by antivenoms produced in Brazil and Costa Rica (Citations: 20)

Immunochemical analysis of IgG subclasses and IgM in South American camelids (Citations: 5)

Comparative study on coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and their neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom (Citations: 41)

Neutralization of proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities of Costa Rican snake venoms by a polyvalent antivenom (Citations: 81)

Comparative study of the edema-forming activity of costa rican snake venoms and its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom (Citations: 29)

Citations (3)

Analysis of camelid IgG for antivenom development: Serological responses of venom-immunised camels to prepare either monospecific or polyspecific antivenoms for West Africa (Citations: 5)

Analysis of camelid IgG for antivenom development: Immunoreactivity and preclinical neutralisation of venom-induced pathology by IgG subclasses, and the effect of heat treatment (Citations: 2)

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