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Fungal Avirulence Genes: Structure and Possible Functions

Fungal Avirulence Genes: Structure and Possible Functions,10.1006/fgbi.1998.1076,Fungal Genetics and Biology,Richard Laugé

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Fungal Avirulence Genes: Structure and Possible Functions   (Citations: 86)
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Avirulence (Avr) genes exist in many fungi that share a gene-for-gene relationship with their host plant. They represent unique genetic determinants that prevent fungi from causing disease on plants that possess matching resistance (R) genes. Interaction between elicitors (primary or secondary products ofAvrgenes) and host receptors in resistant plants causes induction of various defense responses often involving a hypersensitive response.Avrgenes have been successfully isolated by reverse genetics and positional cloning. Five cultivar-specificAvrgenes (Avr4,Avr9, andEcp2 fromCladosporium fulvum; nip1fromRhynchosporium secalis;andAvr2-YAMOfromMagnaporthe grisea) and three species-specificAvrgenes (PWL1andPWL2fromM. griseaandinf1fromPhytophthora infestans) have been cloned. Isolation of additionalAvrgenes from these fungi, but also from other fungi such asUromyces vignae,Melampsora lini, Phytophthora sojae,andLeptosphaeria maculans,is in progress. Molecular analyses of nonfunctionalAvrgene alleles show that these originate from deletions or mutations in the open reading frame or the promoter sequence of anAvrgene. Although intrinsic biological functions of mostAvrgene products are still unknown, recent studies have shown that twoAvrgenes,nip1andEcp2, encode products that are important pathogenicity factors. All fungalAvrgenes cloned so far have been demonstrated or predicted to encode extracellular proteins. Current studies focus on unraveling the mechanisms of perception of avirulence factors by plant receptors. The exploitation ofAvrgenes and the matchingRgenes in engineered resistance is also discussed.
Journal: Fungal Genetics and Biology - FUNGAL GENET BIOL , vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 285-297, 1998
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    • ...Some soybean genotypes can recognize the presence of pathogen-associated molecules, and initiate defense responses including hypersensitive response (HR) cell death [18], leading to resistance against the disease [19]...

    Senthil Subramanian, et al. Distinct changes in soybean xylem sap proteome in response to pathogen...

    • ...This has applied great limitations on the overall process of sexuality since protection against alien DNA is provided by expression of vegetative compatibility which is controlled by one to several nuclear genes which limit completion of hyphal anastomosis between colonies to those which belong to the same vegetative compatibility group only [16, 17]...

    Akram A. Abu Seadah, et al. RAPD typing of Aspergillus chevalieri , Aspergillus nidulans , Aspergi...

    • ...Although mutations, such as deletions, premature stop codons and frameshifts, have been frequently reported for the virulence alleles of fungal Avr genes (Lauge and De Wit, 1998; Van’t Slot and Knogge, 2002), null avr3a alleles have not been identified while intact avr3a ORFs have been detected among more than 70 isolates of P. infestans (Armstrong et al., 2005 and unpublished data)...

    Jorunn I. B. Bos, et al. The C-terminal half of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR3a is s...

    • ...For example, plant pathogens have the remarkable ability to manipulate biochemical, physiological, and morphological processes in their host plants through a diverse array of extracellular effector molecules that can either promote infection or trigger defense responses (Knogge 1996; Lauge and De Wit 1998; Collmer et al. 2000; Kjemtrup et al. 2000; Staskawicz et al. 2001)...
    • ...However, several classes of oomycete and fungal effector molecules, such as elicitor proteins that induce plant defense responses and a programmed cell death response termed the “hypersensitive response” (HR), are known to require secretion (Lauge and De Wit 1998; Jia et al. 2000)...
    • ...Ectopic expression of single pathogen genes in plant cells often leads to phenotypic effects, such as induction of HR-like necrosis (Lauge and De Wit 1998; Kjemtrup et al. 2000)...

    Trudy A. Torto, et al. EST Mining and Functional Expression Assays Identify Extracellular Eff...

    • ...The current concept admits that compounds originating from microorganisms (elicitors) are recognized by plants through specific binding to high-affinity sites, so far considered putative receptors (Lamb, 1996; Ebel and Mithofer, 1998; Lauge and DeWit, 1998)...

    Hanan Osman, et al. Mediation of Elicitin Activity on Tobacco Is Assumed by Elicitin-Stero...

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