Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of the FLO Gene Family Generates Cell-Surface Variation in Yeast

...are subject to position-dependent silencing regulated by histone deacetylases (...

...) Same strains in 1C were examined on rich medium either containing 2% glucose (YEPD) or lacking glucose (YEP) in 0.3% agar. A representative microscopic image is shown. Bar = 10 microns. E) Vegetative mats mature into filamentous mats over time as nutrients become limiting. Two mats of wild type (PC313) strain were spotted bilaterally (1.5 cm apart) on YEPD and YEP media (+0.2% galactose) containing 0.3% agar media. The number of filaments occurring along the circumference of mats was scored on a scale of 1, 2, or 3 dots at 20× magnification corresponding to 3, 6, or 9 filaments or greater, respectively. Dots were plotted on a circle representing the outline of one of the mats with right hemispheres corresponding to the side of the mat facing a second mat. Asymmetric filamentation observed in the right hemisphere of 2d, Glu can possibly result from nutritional stress compounded by nutrient depletion from adjacent mats. Filamentation was monitored and plotted after growth for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. Quantitation of pseudohyphae was complicated at longer time points when biofilms began to variegate ...

...epigenetic control allowing S. cerevisiae cells in a homogenous population to reversibly switch between active FLO gene expression and silent modes (Halme et al. 2004; Octavio et al. 2009)...
...Not only do these factors control the level of heterogenicity of flocculation within a clonal population, but evidence exist for the combinational control of more than one FLO gene (Halme et al. 2004; Fichtner et al. 2007 ;B ester et al.2006)...

...In addition to genetic mechanisms, epigenetic mechanisms add another level of complexity in the control of the expression of the FLO genes and consequently, in the control of yeast flocculation (Fleming and Pennings 2001; Halme et al. 2004; Dietvorst and Brandt 2008; Dietvorst and Brandt 2009)...

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